Database Management Systems

Introduction: Database definition, History of Database Systems, Database System Applications, Database Systems versus conventional File Systems, View of Data, Data Abstraction, Data Independence.
Introduction to Data Models (Network, Hierarchical, Relational), Database Languages, Database Users and Administrators.

Entity-Relationship Model: E-R diagram, Constraints, Keys (Candidate key, Alternate key, Primary Key, Foreign Keys), Weak Entity Sets.
Relational Algebra: Basics of relational algebra [Select, Project, Union, Set Difference, Cartesian-Product, Natural join]

Relational-Database Design: Normalization, Functional Dependencies, Normalized forms [1NF, 2NF, 3NF].
ORACLE: Introduction, Oracle Server and Oracle Database, Two and Three-tier architecture, Login Screen, Entering Name and Password.

Data Types, Null values, comments, SQL command syntax.
SQL SELECT Statement: Selecting All the Columns, Reordering columns in Query Results, Selecting Specific Column, Duplicate rows and their elimination (DISTINCT keyword).SQL: Displaying Table Structure (DESC command), Limiting Rows during selection (using WHERE clause), concatenating strings.
Operators: Relational operators, Logical operators. Condition based on a range(BETWEEN Operator), Condition based on a list(IN Operator), Condition based on pattern match(LIKE Operator). Searching and Sorting: Searching for NULL(IS NULL), Sorting results(ORDER BY Clause). Making simple queries based on these operations.

SQL Functions and Grouping: Types of SQL Function (Single Row/Multiple Row). Character Functions - Case Conversion, Character Manipulation. Numeric Functions, Date Functions.
Grouping result – GROUP BY command, Placing conditions on groups – HAVING CLAUSE. Simple Queries based on these operations.