Data Independence, Architecture of DBMS, Data Models, Normalization (1NF, 2 NF, 3NF, BCNF, 4NF, 5NF), inclusion dependencies, loss less join decompositions, Codd’s rules, Relational Data Model & Relational Algebra, Indexing and Hashing (Ordered Indices, B-Tree/ B+ Tree Index Files, Static / Dynamic Hashing).
Steps In Query Processing, Algorithms For Selection, Sorting And Join Operations, Understanding Cost Issues In Queries, Query Optimization, Transformation Of Relational Expressions, Optimization Of Queries- Rule Based And Heuristics, Query Evaluation Plans, Pipelined Evaluations.
Transaction Concepts, ACID Properties, States Of Transaction, Serializibility, Conflict & View Serializable Schedule, Recovery From Transaction Failures, Checkpoints, Deadlock Handling.
Concurrency Control, Locks Based Protocols, Time Stamp Based Protocols, Validation Based Protocol, Multiple Granularity, Multi-version Schemes
Failure Classifications, Storage Structure, Recovery & Atomicity, Log Base Recovery, Recovery With Concurrent Transactions, Shadow Paging, Failure With Loss Of Non-Volatile Storage, Database Backup & Recovery From Catastrophic Failure, Remote Backup System.
Security and Authorization, Encryption and Authentication.
SQL data types and literals, Types of SQL commands: DDL, DML, TCL, DCL, SQL Operators, Constraints, Group By and Having Clause, Order By Clause, Queries and sub queries, Functions (Aggregate/ Numeric/ String/ Date & Time), Union, Intersection, Minus, Joins.PL/SQL Basics, Blocks, Architecture, Variables An Constants, Attributes, Character Set, PL/SQL Sentence Structure, Data Types, Conditional Statements, Iteration, Cursors, Exceptions, Triggers, Procedures, Functions And Packages.