DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

Databases and Database Users: Introduction, Characteristics of the Database Approach, Database administrators, Database designers, End users, System analysts and application programmers, Advantages of DBMS ,  History of Database Applications.

Database System Concepts and Architecture: Data Models, Schemas, and Instances, Three-schema Architecture and Data Independence, Database Languages and Interfaces, Database System Environment, Centralized and Client-Server Architectures, Classification of DBMS.

Data Modeling Using the Entity-Relationship Model: High-Level Conceptual Data Models for Database Design, Entity Types, Entity Sets, Attributes, and Keys, Relationship Types, Relationship Sets, Roles, and Structural Constraints, Weak Entity Types, Extended ER features, Refining the ER Design for a Database, ER Diagrams, Naming Conventions, and Design Issues.

The Relational Data Model and Relational Database Constraint: Relational Model Concepts, Relational Model Constraints and Relational Database Schemas, Update Operations and Dealing with Constraint Violations.

Relational Algebra and Relational Calculus: Unary Relational Operations-SELECT and PROJECT, Relational Algebra Operations From Set Theory, Binary Relational Operations-JOIN and DIVISION, Additional Relational Operations, Examples of Queries in Relational Algebra, The Tuple Relational Calculus, The Domain Relational Calculus.

Mapping EER Model Concepts to Relations, SQL99-Schema Definition, Constraints, and Queries: SQL Data Definition and Data Types, Specifying Basic Constraints in SQL, Schema Change Statements in SQL, Basic Queries in SQL, More Complex SQL Queries, Insert, Delete, and Update Statements in SQL, Additional Features of SQL, Specifying General Constraints as Assertions, Views (Virtual Tables) in SQL.

Database Design Theory and Methodology- Relational database design: Informal Design Guidelines for Relation Schemas, Functional Dependencies, Normal Forms Based on Primary Keys, General Definitions of Second and Third Normal Forms, Boyce-Codd Normal Form, Properties of Relational Decompositions, Multivalued Dependencies and Fourth Normal Form, Join Dependencies and Fifth Normal Form.

Transaction Processing Concepts- Introduction to Transaction Processing, Transaction and System Concepts, Characterizing Schedules Based on Recoverability, Characterizing Schedules Based on Serializability.

Concurrency Control Techniques: Two-Phase Locking, Timestamp Ordering, Multiversion Control Techniques, Validation (Optimistic) Concurrency Control Techniques, Concept of granularity.

Database recovery concepts: Recovery outline, Caching of Disk blocks, Write ahead logging, Steal/No Steal and Force/NoForce, Checkpoints in the System Log and Fuzzy Checkpointing, Transaction Rollback. Recovery Techniques Based on Deferred Update and on Immediate Update.