PHOTOGRAPHY

Photographic Optics: (a) Reflection and refraction of light, dispersion of light through a glass prism, lenses, different kinds of image formation, principal focus and focal length, size of the image, speed and power of the lens, depth of field, angle of view and perspective. (b) Defects of images formed by lens: Chromatic and spherical aberration, curvature of field, distortion and astigmatism, methods of reducing the above defects. (c) Aperture of diaphragm, its function, f notation, different kinds of aperture and their construction, dependence of depth of field and focus on distance and f number.

Types of camera lenses: Single (meniscus), achromatic, symmetrical and unsymmetrical lenses, telephoto, zoom, macro, supplementary and fish-eye lenses. Photographic camera types: Pin-hole, box, folding, large and medium format cameras, single lens reflex (SLR) and twin lens reflex (TLR), digital single lens reflex (DSLR), miniature, sub miniature and instant camera, choice of camera and sizes, rising, falling, cross movements and swing back devices. Principal parts of Photographic cameras: (a) Lens, (b) Aperture, (c) Shutters, various types and their functions, focal plane shutter and in-between the lens shutter, shutter synchronization, self-timer. View-finders and focusing systems: Direct vision and ground glass view finders, frame viewfinder, plane mirror and penta-prism view-finder, Fresnel prism focusing, split image focusing, range finders and range finder focusing, mechanism focusing distance scale. Film chamber: Film transport mechanism, manual and auto winding, film speed setting device. Exposure counter, self-timer, tripod stand, panning tilt head, lens hood, cable release, extension tubes and bellows, tele-converter and changing bag.

Colour Filters: Different kinds, Red, yellow, green, neutral density, half filters, filter factor, colour correction filter. Photographic Light Sources: (a) Natural source, the Sun, nature and intensity of the sunlight at different times of the day, different weather conditions. (b) Artificial light sources: nature, intensity of different types of light sources used in photography namely; (i) Photo flood lamp, (ii) Spot light, (iii) Halogen lamp, Barn doors and snoot, lighting stands. (c) Flash unit: Bulb flash and Electronic flash, main components, electronic flash units, studio flash, slave unit, multiple flash, computer flash, x-contact, exposure table. Perspective and composition, rules of composition.

Portrait Photography: What is portrait, principle of portrait lighting, use of one, two and three photo flood lamps, use of spot light, main light and fill in light, bounce and reflected light, photography of full and ¾ portraits, arrangements of models, backlighting, control lighting for tones and textures, multiple lighting, profile and silhouette photograph, lighting interior, low and high key lighting.

Cinematography: History, basic principle and technique, constructional details of a movie camera, time laps photography, processing techniques and equipments, editing, tilting and presentation. Script-screenplay- visualizing the drama- scenes and shots division with proper time duration, film direction.